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RSSFive Spelling Rules for “Silent Final E”
Many English words end in the letter e.
In an earlier stage of the language, many of these final e’s were pronounced. Now, however, unless the word is a foreign borrowing, the final e is silent.
Although final e is silent, it usually has a job to do.
Here are the five rules for the use of silent final e.
1. Silent final e makes the vowel say its name.
Compare the pronunciation of the following pairs of words:
con cone
cut cute
mat mate
In cone, the e makes the o say “O”. In cute, the e makes the u say “U”. In mate, the e makes the a say “A.”
This first and most common kind of silent final e “makes the letter say its name.”
2. English words don’t end in v or u.
The e at the end of have and blue do not affect pronunciation. The e is there because the words would otherwise end in v or u. Impromptu is one of the few exceptions to this rule.
3. Silent E after the letters C and G “soften” their sounds.
The letter C can represent the sounds of either /k/ as in cat or /s/ as in cent.
The letter G can represent the sounds of either /g/ as in gum or /j/ as in gym.
Silent final e after C and G indicates that the sounds are /s/ and /j/. Ex. lance and charge. Without the silent final e, these words would represent the pronunciations /lank/ and /charg/.
4. Every syllable must have a vowel.
In words like candle, pickle, and people, the final syllable can be pronounced without a vowel, but “in English, every syllable must have a vowel.” (Would we really want to write pebbl or littl?)
5. Sometimes the silent final e has no purpose whatever.
In words like are, and ore, the silent final e does not affect the pronunciation or provide a missing vowel, or keep a word from ending in v or u. This is the e that Mrs. Spalding (Romalda Spalding, The Writing Road to Reading) calls “no-job e.” Like Everest, it’s there.
The word resumé is often spelled in English with the French accent aigu to indicate the untypical pronunciation.
The final e at the end of the Italian musical borrowing forte (loudly, powerfully) is pronounced like a long a: /for-tay/. Ex. This measure is marked forte.
The final e at the end of the French borrowing forte (strength, strong point) is silent, although many speakers pronounce this word the same way they do the musical term. Ex. Cooking is not my forte.
Industrious critics will point out exceptions that I’ve failed to mention, but in most cases, the five rules apply and are useful to know.
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Are there any rules for spelling words that end in -ence or -ance. (Similarily, -ant and -ent). I can never remember if it is correspondAnce or correspondEnce, prevalEnt or prevalAnt (too many A’s in a row), relevAnce or relevEnce (too many E’s in a row).
Gwen,
Your question deserves a post of its own. Stay tuned.
Great post for people new to English.
“Would we really want to write pebbl or littl?”
Yes, if that was how they were spelled. But they’re not, so we don’t. A bit of a tautology.
Jeff,
Good point. And the spellings are kind of cute.
Wait, your rule about every syllable must have a vowel has the requisite exception. You know, “every rule has an exception.”
The word, “rhythm,” has 2 syllables, but only one vowel. Was it pronounced as a single syllable at one point? Rhythmic has two syllables and a vowel for each, but rhythm is just weird.
~Tom
Tom
The word comes from Latin “rhythmus.” In Middle English the word was spelled “rhythme” and the final e probably would have been pronounced:
/rhyth/muh.
The final e dropped out and the pronunciation changed. You’re right, the final syllable -m has no vowel, but when we say the word, we stick one in.
We don’t say /rhyth/m but /rhyth/em
It’s a weird one ok.
Thanks
great website for people who want to learn english and improve it. the tips are really great
Can you please give examples of dropping the final “e” and adding a suffix. Thank you very much on this information
Another rule to consider – words that end in -se (loose, nurse, pulse). Final Silent e follows /s/=s following double vowel or two consonants.
There are actually quite a lot of words that are exceptions to “every syllable has a vowel”. Not only rhythm, but also words like chasm, prism, aneurysm, communism etc. It’s fine to have exceptions – and English is inherently a language of exceptions – but I get irritated when some people insist that there’s only one syllable in words like chasm or rhythm, just to make these words fit the rule.