DailyWritingTips

5 Tips for Styling Numbers

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Below you’ll find a handful of tips about appropriate use of numbers in various contexts.

1. Money

Isolated, casual references to amounts of money of one hundred dollars or less or one hundred cents or less are usually spelled out (“I made over fifty dollars in one afternoon”; “Remember when a candy bar cost twenty-five cents?”).

Amounts over those limits are generally styled with numerals and a dollar sign, as are smaller amounts when more than one amount is listed and at least one is less than a hundred dollars (“The chair cost $237, and the table was $89”). When amounts of less than and more than a dollar are combined, use dollar signs and figures in that case as well (“The price tags read ‘$0.75’ and ‘$1.25’”).

Numerous instances of monetary figure call for the use of numerals in most cases, but larger rounded figures may be spelled out, even when inconsistent with precise dollar figures (“I made over fifty thousand dollars for the first time last year: $51,500.”) Numbers in the millions and higher orders of magnitude may be in combined numeral and spelled-out form (“The project was budgeted at $2.5 million”).

2. Numerals at the Beginning of a Sentence

Sentences should never begin with a numeral; either spell out the number (“Two thousand eleven was the year the business turned a profit”) or recast the sentence (“The business first turned a profit in 2011”). Another option is to precede the number with the phrase “The year,” but doing so introduces inconsistency if every reference to a year, regardless of position in a sentence, does not follow a repetition of the phrase; that solution is also awkward.

3. Number Ranges

En dashes (or hyphens, employed in place of en dashes on many Web sites) are used in number ranges — for example, to indicate life span, years of rule or years in office, athletic or artistic seasons, or page ranges — as an alternative to “from x to y” or “from x through y.”

An en dash should not be used with the word from. (Incorrect: “He reigned from 1863-1895”; correct: “He reigned from 1863 to 1895” or “He reigned 1863-1895”). The same principle applies for the word between: “Between 250 and 300 people attended,” not “Between 250-300 people attended,” is correct.

4. Superscript

Many writers submit manuscripts that feature the letters in ordinal numerals in superscript form — that is, st, nd, rd, and th raised above the font’s baseline. This form is seldom needed when following the style rule that numbers are spelled out up to one hundred, but when ordinals are required (“The ribbon read ‘1st Place’”; “the 101st Airborne Division”), they should be on the baseline, not raised. Instructions for how to change superscript ordinals to baseline ordinals are available through an online search.

Also, when a date is written, the ordinal form is extraneous; simply write “January 1,” not “January 1st.” (In the absence of the month, the date should be spelled out: “Her reply followed on the twenty-first.” If a publication’s number style is to spell numbers out only to ten, the form shown her applies: “Her reply followed on the 21st.”

5. The Plural of Zero

In Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, zeros is the first of two alternatives for the plural of zero. The other, of course, is zeroes. The first choice is not the superior one; it is listed first simply because it is simpler. But many editors follow a convention that, for consistency, the dictionary’s first of more than one alternatives is the standard except when the preference for another is codified in the house style guide.

Therefore, zeros is generally the correct style. Note, however, that the correct spelling of the present-tense verb form meaning “focuses” or “aims” is zeroes (“Disregarding the pursuing planes, he zeroes in on his target”).

If you want to read more on this topic check out these two articles we published in the past: 10 Rules for Writing Numbers and Numerals and How to Style Numbers.

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7 thoughts on “5 Tips for Styling Numbers”

  1. One of my chemistry professors insisted on something I always do now, and teach my students, as well. You show it without comment when you wrote $0.75 in your note.

    In elementary school I was taught that 0.75 was unnecessary because it meant the same that .75 does. Well, yes, but if you miss the little dot, of course the meaning changes drastically. If your handwriting is as awful as mine, or if you are writing on an old whiteboard with lots of little flaws and permanent marks, then it can be easy to be confused.

  2. I think this may be a difference of accepted style between U.S. and U.K. but I wouldn’t be at all comfortable writing January 1 and would always use January 1st in preference.

    I would also be interested to know why baseline ordinals are preferable to superscript ordinals (presuming you mean both are in subscript sizes). The default in Microsoft Word is for superscripts.

  3. Richard, I agree.

    The first three I am willing to write off for historical reasons (1st, 2nd, 3rd), and things are understandable for 17th, say, whether or not the “th” is a superscript. However, in my technical writing, including math and physics, I often need to refer to the ordinal that is number n on the list. “nth” looks dumb, no matter how you write it. Right now I favor an italic “n” followed by “th” with no hyphen, and not as a superscript. However, I can offer no support for this use.

  4. Richard:

    I understand your aversion, as a writer of British English, to avoiding the ordinal indicators st and so on, but these posts are written from an American English perspective.

    It is true that, for some inexplicable reason, the superscript indicator is a default setting in Microsoft Word. The intrusion of this “feature” into Word means more work for editors like me who prepare manuscripts for publication; no book, magazine, newspaper, newsletter, or Web site I’ve worked on during the last three decades has used superscript indicators, so I have to correct such usage to baseline ordinals (or, more often, delete them altogether).

    Self-publishers can choose to employ them, of course, but I also write these posts to reflect professional publishing standards, and I strongly advise against the practice.

  5. Demosthenes:

    Your style for nth (I’ve reversed italic and roman type here because I’m referring to the expression itself, not the concept, just as I would italicize first when referring to that word) corresponds to The Chicago Manual of Style, which reflects your good breeding and refinement.

  6. Hi Mark,

    A colleague and I were recently having a discussion one page numbers. When writing the sentance “please refer to page x” would you write ‘7’ or ‘seven’?

    Thanks,

  7. HZ:

    Good question. I don’t know of any style pronouncement about this issue, but I would use numerals, if only because that’s how they’re formatted as page numbers.

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